The biofilm is composed of organic and inorganic materials that function to distribute nutrients throughout the plaque matrix ( 11). ![]() As the oral bacteria become firmly attached to the tooth surface, the plaque matures, and an organized structure or biofilm develops. Bacterial recolonization is reported to occur within 3 min following the placement of sterile enamel into the oral cavity. Within seconds of a routine dental prophylaxis a thin pellicle accumulates on the tooth surfaces. Plaque is the collection of bacteria, glycoproteins, epithelial and inflammatory cells, and extracellular polysaccharides that adhere to the tooth surface ( 2, 11). Within the periodontal tissues, bacteria, bacterial by-products, and inflammatory mediators may be released, resulting in the development of systemic disease. ![]() As well as causing significant oral pain, bone and tooth loss in dogs, an association between periodontal disease and systemic disease has been reported in the literature ( 7– 10). The initial development and severity of periodontal disease are dependent on factors such as health status, breed, age, and diet ( 3– 6). Oral pain is difficult to assess in veterinary patients and clients often do not recognize problems until periodontal disease has progressed to moderate or severe stages ( 3). Untreated periodontal disease may eventually progress to tooth mobility, loss, and/or endodontic disease ( 2). Bacterial by-products and host response to plaque accumulation cause inflammation resulting in gingival recession, alveolar bone resorption, and periodontal pocket formation. Periodontitis is the inflammation of the periodontium which includes the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, cementum, and gingiva. ![]() Periodontal disease is the most frequently diagnosed disease in dogs in all age groups ( 1).
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